Reproduction: How Life Continues

A farmer may use asexual methods for many similar plants with desired features. The farmer may use seeds from sexual reproduction to create variation.

Sexual reproduction creates variation, which can help complex organisms adapt. Asexual reproduction is quick and needs only one parent, so it suits organisms such as yeast and hydra.

A cutting grows into a new plant; a graft joins two plants; and a layered twig grows roots before it is separated.

The outgrowths are buds. They show that yeast reproduces asexually by budding.

Mould grew from spores in the air. Observe and record it without touching it; use a microscope only with teacher guidance.

Three pairs make 8 combinations. Twenty-three pairs can make 8,388,608 combinations from independent assortment alone.

Sepals protect the bud; petals can attract pollinators; stamens make pollen; the pistil receives pollen and contains the ovary and ovules.

Fruit formed when pollen could reach the stigma. The investigation shows that pollination is needed for fruit formation.

Insect pollination is more efficient per pollen grain. Wind-pollinated plants release far more pollen to improve the chance of transfer.

The male gamete reaches the ovule and fuses with the egg cell (fertilisation).

Their light, feathery seeds are adapted to be dispersed by wind.

This is cross-pollination.

They produce many eggs because a large number may be lost before reaching adulthood.

Gametes are more protected in internal fertilisation.

Ravi is entering puberty, a stage of adolescence.

Her next period may begin around April 2. Menstrual cycles can vary, so this is an estimate.

A human zygote has 46 chromosomes.

A condom can reduce the risk of STI transmission.

The risk of sexually transmitted infections remains because pills do not protect against infections.

Long care supports protection, learning, and development. It also means babies depend on caregivers for food, safety, and other needs for many years.

Option 2: cross-pollination.

Pollination → pollen germination → fertilisation → zygote (3 → 1 → 2 → 4).

Both A and R are false; the listed options omit this answer.

One parent; mitosis; usually genetically similar offspring.

Pregnancy hormones maintain the uterine lining.

Light colours help night pollinators see flowers.

Low variation can make many cloned plants vulnerable to one disease.

Self-pollination usually means less genetic variation.

Use cuttings, layering, grafting, or tissue culture.

Change sugar concentration; keep other conditions the same; compare germination.

Tomato and wheat: self-pollination; papaya: cross-pollination.

Place B: 40% fruit set and 20% fruit drop; added bees likely helped.

No. Cycle length and ovulation timing can vary.

Indigenous seeds can preserve local adaptation, genetic diversity, food traditions, and choices for future farming.

IVF can help some people with infertility. Possible drawbacks include cost, emotional strain, no guarantee of success, and medical risks.

Ask farmers about propagation methods, seed types and reasons, and animal breeds. Record their answers and compare how both reproduction methods help farming.

Observe and record pollinators, interview farmers, and discuss possible causes of decline and ways to protect pollinator habitat.

Draw and label both cuts, note the number and position of seed chambers, and describe how seeds attach. Use actual observations for each fruit.