CLASS 7 · SOCIAL STUDIES · CHAPTER 4
Plain-language answers to four chapter questions on early rulers, historical sources, iron technology and the growth of cities and states.
4 worked answers · short steps first, explanations when you need them
Textbook pages 89–90
Question 1
List security, resources, water, roads and a productive economy; compare these continuing needs with modern rights and accountable government.
Some needs are similar, but today’s systems and expectations differ.
Question 2
The chapter says early rulers could be selected by the people, with an assembly such as the samiti involved.
The method changed over time; do not generalise it to every period.
Question 3
Use sites and objects for material life, coins and inscriptions for trade and authority, and texts for ideas and accounts; compare them.
Several sources together give a more reliable picture.
Question 4
Iron tools supported farming, construction and crafts; these helped sustain larger towns and trade.
Iron contributed to urban growth alongside other economic and political factors.