Development

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Choose (iv), all of these. Income, education and health each show an important part of people’s lives. A country can have high average income but still need better schools or health care.

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Sri Lanka—option (ii)—has the stronger overall human-development ranking in the table. The table also shows that Nepal and Bangladesh have higher life expectancy than India, so comparisons depend on which indicator is being discussed.

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Total income = 4 × ₹5,000 = ₹20,000. The first three families earn ₹14,000 together. Fourth income = ₹20,000 − ₹14,000 = ₹6,000, so option (iv).

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The World Bank mainly uses average income, or per-capita income. It is easy to compare but hides inequality and says little by itself about health, education, safety or access to public services. Two countries with the same average may distribute income very differently.

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The World Bank classification described in the chapter focuses mainly on per-capita income. The UNDP’s Human Development Index combines income with health and education indicators, such as life expectancy and schooling. This gives a broader picture, though no single index captures every part of people’s well-being.

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Averages help compare large groups with one number. But they can hide differences among people. For example, a family with incomes ₹500, ₹500, ₹500, ₹500 and ₹8,000 has an average of ₹2,000; most members earn much less than that average.

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No. Per-capita income is useful for comparing average material resources, but it is not enough on its own. Kerala’s stronger health and education indicators show why development should be judged using several measures, not income alone.

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India uses coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity, nuclear power, solar and wind energy, along with biomass in some places. In fifty years, energy may rely more on solar, wind, storage, green hydrogen and other low-carbon sources. This depends on technology, investment and policy.

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Development should meet people’s needs today without exhausting resources or harming the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Overusing groundwater, forests or fossil fuels can damage livelihoods, health and the environment. Sustainable choices protect resources while improving people’s lives.

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Resources are limited, so using them wastefully for unnecessary consumption can leave less for others and for future generations. Fair development meets essential needs and shares opportunities while avoiding overuse and environmental damage.

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Possible examples include polluted streams, litter, smoke from traffic, loss of trees, soil erosion and falling groundwater. Write only what you have observed or verified, then describe one likely cause and one practical way to reduce the harm.

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Per-capita income: highest Sri Lanka, lowest Nepal. Life expectancy: highest Sri Lanka, lowest Myanmar. Mean years of schooling: highest Sri Lanka, lowest Pakistan. HDI rank: Sri Lanka is best placed at 89; Pakistan is lowest placed at 168. For rank, a smaller number means a higher position.

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• (i) A smaller share of adults is below the normal BMI range in Kerala than in Madhya Pradesh: Kerala is 8.5% of men and 10% of women; Madhya Pradesh is 28% for both.
• (ii) Food may not reach everyone because of poverty, unequal access, low wages, poor health care, inadequate nutrition, or weak distribution. National food supply alone does not guarantee that each household can afford and obtain nutritious food.