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CLASS 10 · SOCIAL STUDIES · CHAPTER 4

The Age of Industrialisation

Simple, student-friendly answers to all 7 end-of-chapter questions.

7 worked answersComplete chapter answers
Read the NCERT questions ↗← All chapters

7 worked answers · short steps first, explanations when you need them

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Textbook pages 102

Question 1

Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?

Steps only

Changing demand, high machine costs, cheap labour and the need for skilled handwork.

Answer

Changing demand, high machine costs, cheap labour and the need for skilled handwork.

Question 2

How did the East India Company secure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?

Steps only

Gomasthas supervised production; advances tied weavers to Company orders and restricted other sales.

Answer

Gomasthas supervised production; advances tied weavers to Company orders and restricted other sales.

Question 3

Write a short account of Britain and the history of cotton using the chapter.

Steps only

Britain moved from importing Indian cotton cloth to mechanised factory production and global exports.

Answer

Britain moved from importing Indian cotton cloth to mechanised factory production and global exports.

Question 4

Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

Steps only

British imports fell; Indian factories supplied local consumers and wartime army needs.

Answer

British imports fell; Indian factories supplied local consumers and wartime army needs.

Question 5

Explain: (a) women workers attacked the Spinning Jenny; (b) merchants employed village workers; (c) Surat declined; (d) the Company appointed gomasthas.

Steps only

(a) It threatened spinners’ jobs. (b) Merchants bypassed guilds and used rural labour. (c) Trade shifted to colonial ports. (d) Gomasthas controlled weavers and deliveries.

Answer

(a) It threatened spinners’ jobs. (b) Merchants bypassed guilds and used rural labour. (c) Trade shifted to colonial ports. (d) Gomasthas controlled weavers and deliveries.

Question 6

Mark true or false: (a) 80% of Europe’s workers were in advanced industry by the late 19th century; (b) India dominated fine textiles until the 18th century; (c) the American Civil War reduced Indian cotton exports; (d) fly shuttles improved handloom productivity.

Steps only

(a) False; (b) True; (c) False; (d) True.

Answer

(a) False; (b) True; (c) False; (d) True.

Question 7

What is proto-industrialisation?

Steps only

Merchant-organised production by rural households before the rise of factories.

Answer

Merchant-organised production by rural households before the rise of factories.

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